The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is known as the "Asian water tower", and its runoff, as an important and easily accessible water resource, supports the production and life of billions of people around, and supports the diversity of ecosystems. Accurately estimating the runoff of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and revealing the variation law of runoff are conducive to water resources management and disaster risk avoidance in the plateau and its surrounding areas. The glacier runoff segmentation data set covers the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 1971 to 2015, with a time resolution of year by year, covering the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (the source of the Yellow River, the source of the Yangtze River, the source of the Lancang River, the source of the Nujiang River, and the source of the Yarlung Zangbo River), and the spatial resolution is the watershed. Based on multi-source remote sensing and measured data, it is simulated using the distributed hydrological model vic-cas coupled with the glacier module, The simulation results are verified with the measured data of the station, and all the data are subject to quality control.
WANG Shijin
This dataset contains the monthly evaporation rate and volumes for 7242 reservoirs from March 1984 to December 2016 across the world. The evaporation rate was calculated using the three datasets viz. (1) TerraClimate; (2) ERA5; (3) Princeton Global Forcings. The surface area of these reservoirs is obtained from the Global reservoir surface area dataset (GRSAD). The detailed descriptions for this dataset are presented in Tian et al (2021,2022). The basic information of the global reservoirs was provided by the Global Reservoir and Dam Database (GRanD).
TIAN Wei , LIU Xiaomang, WANG Kaiwen , BAI Peng , LIU Changming
This dataset includes data recorded by the Qinghai Lake integrated observatory network obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Yulei station on Qinghai lake from Janurary 1 to December 31, 2021. The site (100° 29' 59.726'' E, 36° 35' 27.337'' N) was located on the Yulei Platform in Erlangjian scenic area, Qinghai Province. The elevation is 3209m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (HMP155; 12 and 12.5 m above the water surface, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 14 m above the water surface, towards north) , rain gauge (TE525M; 10m above the water surface in the eastern part of the Yulei platform ), four-component radiometer (NR01; 10 m above the water surface, towards south), one infrared temperature sensors (SI-111; 10 m above the water surface, towards south, vertically downward), photosynthetically active radiation (LI190SB; 10 m above the water surface, towards south), water temperature profile (109, -0.2, -0.5, -1.0, -2.0, and -3.0 m). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_12 m, Ta_12.5 m; RH_12 m, RH_12.5 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_14 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_14 m) (°) , precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT_1) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m-2)), water temperature (Tw_20cm、Tw_50cm、Tw_100cm、Tw_200cm、Tw_300cm) (℃). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day. As the lake water freezes in winter, the water temperature probe is withdrawn, so there is no water temperature data record during October 19, 2020 to December 31, 2020. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-1-1 10:30. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red.
Li Xiaoyan
This data set contains the meteorological data of Pengbo irrigation area in Tibet from 2019 to 2022, including rainfall, temperature and relative humidity data, as well as the measured soil moisture and soil temperature data of highland barley, oat and grassland. The data interval is recorded in hours, and the measured time is from 2019 to 2022. The data of soil temperature and soil moisture are relatively detailed, which can reflect the change law of soil moisture and temperature at different time scales of time, day, month, season and year, and can also better meet the calibration and verification requirements of farmland water and heat transport model. The data set also includes crop evapotranspiration data and leakage data, which is helpful to analyze the water consumption of crops in the whole growth period and the water consumption and leakage at different growth stages in the alpine region of Tibet, and plays an important role in clarifying the water balance of different farmland systems. The meteorological, soil moisture, soil temperature, transpiration and leakage data of Pengbo irrigation area in Tibet provided by this data set are helpful to reveal the water transformation process at the farmland scale and irrigation area scale, and fully understand the water and heat transfer process and crop growth state of SPAC system in the high cold region of Tibet.
TANG Pengcheng
This dataset contains the ground surface water (including liquid water, glacier and perennial snow) distribution in Qilian Mountain Area in 2021. The dataset was produced based on classical Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) extraction criterion and manual editing. Landsat images collected in 2021 were used as basic data for water index extraction. Sentinel-2 images and Google images were employed as reference data for adjusting the extraction threshold. The dataset was stored in SHP format and attached with the attributions of coordinates and water area. Consisting of 1 season, the dataset has a temporal resolution of 1 year and a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The accuracy is about 1 pixel (±30 meter). The dataset directly reflects the distribution of water bodies within the Qilian Mountain in 2021, and can be used for quantitative estimation of water resource.
Li Jia Li Jia LI Jia LI Jia
From September 3 to September 9, 2020, groundwater and surface water were collected in the upper reaches of Nujiang River Basin (i.e. Naqu basin in Nujiang River source area), and the samples were immediately put into 100 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. 18O and D are analyzed and tested by liquid water isotope analyzer (picarro l2140-i, USA), and the stable isotope ratio is expressed by the thousand difference relative to Vienna "standard average seawater" (VSMOW). δ 18O and δ The analysis error of D is ± 0.1 ‰ and ± 1 ‰ respectively. It provides basic data support for subsequent analysis of groundwater source analysis in Naqu basin.
LIU Yaping , CHEN Zhenghao
To further investigate the transport process and temporal-spatial evolution of solid material in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, the Sitting Bottom Bionic Water and sediment Observation System, which is the first set of good at the strong hydrodynamic condition and can continuously measure flow-sediment processes in real-time, was installed at Yangcun hydrology station by the sedimentary Dynamics observation team of Sichuan University on May 15, 2021. The bionic system was equipped with different types of observation equipment for water and sediment characteristics, which can measure the critical characteristics of water and sediment motion with high time resolution for a long time, continuously and synchronously. This data set contains the continuous data of 1) vertical velocity distribution (ADCP20210515.xlsx), 2) instantaneous velocity and turbulence of a single point near-bed, 3) Suspended sediment concentration measured by super turbidimeter (AOBS20210515.xlsx), 4) water depth, suspended sediment concentration and size distribution measured by Laser granulometer (Lisst20210515.xlsx). The data set with nearly a month recorded synchronous and continuous observation data of water and sediment characters with high temporal resolution per 10 minutes, which successfully observed the coupling change process of water and sediment under the increasing discharge of Yarlung Zangbo River. The simultaneous and continuous observation technology of water and sediment based on the bionic observation system provides technical support and scientific basis for revealing the source to sink process and evolution of Yarlung Zangbo River, bedload transport, flood numerical simulation, flash flood disaster warning and prevention, and major infrastructure construction.
XU Weilin, HUANG Er, YAN Xufeng, LUO Ming, WANG Lu, WANG Xiekang, MA Xudong, LIU Chao
The riverbed surface of the main channel in Nyangqu river is composed of gravel particles with wide grain size distribution. there are abundant gravel particles on the beach and riverbed. In this investigation, the bed surface grain size distribution of the main channel and tributaries of the Nyangqu river was measured. This data set contains the information of the five sampling locations in five main channels and two locations in tributaries of the Nyangqu River Basin (Table 1) and the bed surface grain size distribution (Table 2). The sampling locations were generally selected near the cross-section with obvious riverbed. It was considered that water flow through these sections in the straight channel for a long. At the same time, because it was a dry season, the bed grain size distribution on the river beach could be considered as the movement of gravel bedload carried by the last flood season. Therefore, it was considered that the bed grain size distribution in the sampling area on the river beach in the dry season was the bedload size distribution in the flood season. The grain size distributions were measured by the automatic identification method of full particle size based on image processing (e.g., Baserain software), with high identification accuracy of sediment particles is high. It is of great value to the scientific research on the evolution of source to sink process，bedlaod transport, and flood numerical simualtion， as well as the basic research on the flash flood prevention and control.
LUO Ming, HUANG Er, YAN Xufeng, MA Xudong, WANG Lu
During the thematic implementation period (2019-2021), the data set collected sediment samples of typical dam break flood in the middle of the Himalaya mountains through the field, including sample number, longitude and latitude of sampling points and other field data. Through sample data processing, testing and analysis, the relevant parameters of high-energy flood scale in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, such as water depth, flow velocity and so on, changing with time, were obtained. The simulation results can provide reference for the analysis of flood dynamic process in corresponding basins, and preliminarily reveal that the high-energy ancient flood in Yarlung Zangbo provides a direct erosion power source for the "tectonic tumor" model of the Grand Canyon, which may lead to the change of the Indian ocean current and may cause disastrous damage to the ancient humans in the lower Ganges plain.
LIU Weiming
This data includes: 30m mountain flood comprehensive risk data, 30m mountain flood risk data, 30m mountain flood disaster bearing body data and 30m mountain flood vulnerability distribution data in the Himalayas. Based on the results of national investigation and evaluation of mountain flood disasters, the distribution of comprehensive risk indicators of mountain flood disasters in the study area, the distribution of mountain flood risk indicators in each administrative village, the distribution of mountain flood disaster bearing body indicators and the distribution of mountain flood vulnerability indicators are obtained, forming the comprehensive risk distribution data of mountain flood disasters in the Himalayas. This data is helpful to analyze the spatial variation characteristics and distribution law of mountain flood disaster. The zoning of mountain flood disaster risk plays a guiding role in the flood control management and deployment of flood control emergency departments.
WANG Zhonggen
Based on the compilation of major mountain torrent disaster cases from 1840 to 2019, this data is the mountain torrent disaster investigation data along the Sichuan Tibet railway, including time, location, disaster type, cause, longitude, latitude, rainfall, railway section and disaster loss information. According to the characteristics of different data sources such as investigation and compilation of historical flood data in China, national mountain flood disaster prevention and control project (2013-2015), mountain flood disaster investigation results and field investigation in Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, the authenticity and consistency of the original data are checked and standardized; Then analyze, sort and summarize according to the data source and data; Finally, the use of SuperMap software for processing.
WANG Zhonggen
Water conservation service is an important ecosystem service, which directly affects the overall level of regional water resources and has an important impact on regional ecosystem, agriculture, industry, human consumption, hydropower, fishery and recreational activities. It is of great significance to maintain ecosystem stability and improve human well-being. Aiming at the production of water conservation products, based on the principle of water balance, coupled with the data of rainfall, evapotranspiration, solar radiation, temperature and vegetation type, the modeling of water conservation of ecosystem in national barrier area is studied. The water conservation service is calculated by the invest model based on the principle of water balance. The invest model has the advantages of less input data, large amount of export data and quantitative analysis of abstract ecosystem service functions. It is an important means of water conservation service evaluation at present. This method considers that the water conservation service is precipitation minus evapotranspiration, and the calculated indexes include annual precipitation and annual evapotranspiration. The precipitation data is based on the meteorological station data, the daily meteorological data is accumulated to the annual scale, and then interpolated to the space by ArcGIS spatial interpolation method; The calculation of evapotranspiration is realized by Zhang model. Taking multi-source data as the input variable of the invest model, the estimation of water conservation services in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with a resolution of 1km from 2000 to 2020 is realized based on the parametric model.
WANG Xiaofeng
Through the semi-quantitative collection method, benthos research was carried out in 22 lakes in the core area of Qiangtang and Yamzho Lake in the summer of 2020. The relative abundance data of Zoobenthos in alpine lakes in Tibet were obtained by the mixed sampling of littoral and deep-water communities. The results of this data show that among the 6420 selected benthos, 28 species of benthos are identified, belonging to 3 phyla and 7 classes, of which the main benthic groups are gammarus and chironomid, and the dominant species in a few lakes are water beetles. This data improves the recognition accuracy and cognitive range of Zoobenthos in Tibet and will provide a reference for the evaluation of aquatic animal diversity and fishery resources in plateau lakes.
TANG Hongqu
The dataset contains the continuous daily lake surface temperature of 160 Lakes (with an area of more than 40km2) in the Tibetan Plateau from 1978 to 2017. Firstly, an semi-physical lake model (air2water) based on energy balance was improved to realize the continuous simulation of lake surface temperature even during ice age. The impoved model was calibrated by lake surface temperature from MOD11A1 product. The correlation between the dataset and in-situ lake surface temperature of four lakes is higher than 0.9, and the root mean square errors are less than 2.5 ℃. The data set provides data support for understanding the water and heat balance , the process of aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.
GUO Linan , WU Yanhong, ZHENG Hongxing , ZHANG Bing , WEN Mengxuan
The data is the phytoplankton data of 70 points in 26 lakes in Tibet in 2020. The sampling time is from August to September. The sampling method is the conventional phytoplankton sampling method. 1.5 liters of samples are collected, fixed by Lugo's solution, siphoned and concentrated after static precipitation, and the results are examined by inverted microscope. The data includes the density data of different phytoplankton of 77 species / genus in 10 categories, including diatom, green algae, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate, naked algae, cryptoalgae, brown algae, brown algae and CHAROPHYTA. This data is original and unprocessed. The unit is piece / L. The data can be used to characterize the composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the open water areas of these lakes, and can also be used to calculate the diversity of phytoplankton communities in these lakes.
ZHANG Min
The Surface water body extent and area dataset in pan-Sahel region includes the changes of surface water body (≥1km2) in pan-Sahelian 23 countries during 2000-2020. The dataset was produced based on the global surface water extent dataset (GSWED). Firstly, the misclassification caused by the dynamic threshold in the original GSWED data was eliminated by establishing the mask of area size and observation frequency to obtain an improved surface water data set. Then, the improved surface water surface data set was objected, and manually revised combination with global River widths from Landsat and lake data (HydroLAKES). Finally, based on the revised surface water body data set, the water body extent and area change in the Pan Sahel region in 21 years was counted. The dataset is in the vector file format (.shp) and has the geographic coordinate system of WGS 1984. It not only reduces the redundancy of data but increases the surface water from pixel scale to object scale, which is of more practical significance in geo-analysis. The dataset covers the Sahel and West Africa and provides data support for the assessment and research of surface water resources in the region.
LV Yunzhe , JIANG Min , JIA Li
Glacier is the supply water source of rivers in the western mountainous area, and it is one of the most basic elements for people to survive and develop industry, agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region. Glaciers are not only valuable fresh water resources, but also the source of serious natural disasters in mountainous areas, such as sudden ice lake outburst flood, glacier debris flow and ice avalanche. Glacier hydrological monitoring is the basis for studying the characteristics of glacier melt water, the replenishment of glacier melt water to rivers, the relationship between glacier surface ablation and runoff, the process of ice runoff and confluence, and the calculation and prediction of floods and debris flows induced by glacier and seasonal snow melt water. Glacial hydrology refers to the water and heat conditions of glacial covered basins (i.e. glacial action areas), that is, the water and heat exchange between glaciers and their surrounding environment, the physical process of water accumulation and flow on the surface, inside and bottom of glaciers, the water balance of glaciers, the replenishment of glacial melt water to rivers, and the impact of water bodies in cold regions on climate change. At present, hydrological monitoring stations are mainly established at the outlet of the river basin to carry out field monitoring《 Glacial water resources of China (1991), hydrology of cold regions of China (2000) and glacial Hydrology (2001) summarize the early studies on glacial hydrology. China has carried out glacier hydrological monitoring on more than 20 glaciers in Tianshan, Karakorum, West Kunlun, Qilian, Tanggula, Nianqing Tanggula, gangrigab, Hengduan and Himalayas. This data set is the monthly runoff data of representative glaciers.
YANG Wei, LI Zhongqin, WANG Ninglian, QIN Xiang
The hydrological observation data at the downstream of Yigong Zangbu mainly includes the hourly monitoring data of water depth and temperature at the downstream of Yigong Zangbu. The data collection time is 2020. The data source is collected by the hobo water level gauge installed on the bedrock at the downstream of Yigong lake. The hobo water level gauge is a pressure sensing water level gauge, which is collected and stored once an hour. The water depth and water temperature data are the average value per hour. It should be noted that the water depth data obtained from the measurement is pressure data, and the local atmospheric pressure at the measuring point should be deducted when converting to water depth data. The data has reliable quality and high accuracy, and can be used to record the annual change of water level in Yigong Zangbu, and finally achieve the purpose of inversion of runoff process by controlling key river channels.
HOU Weipeng
This data is the runoff and evapotranspiration generated by the precipitation in the growing season of the upper reaches of Heihe River from 1992 to 2015. Temporal resolution: year (growingseason), spatial resolution: 0.00833°. The data include precipitation (mm), evapotranspiration (mm), runoff (mm) and soil water content (m3 / m3). The data are obtained by using meteorological, soil and vegetation parameters based on Eagleson eco hydrological model. The simulated rainfall runoff is verified by using the observed runoff data in the growing season of 6 sub basins in the upper reaches of Heihe River (Heihe main stream, Babao River, yeniugou, Liyuan River, Wafangcheng and Hongshui River). The variation range of correlation coefficient (R) is 0.53-0.74, RMSE is 32.46-233.18 mm, and the relative error range is -0.66-0.0005; The difference between simulated evapotranspiration and gleam et is − 115.36 mm to 44.1 mm. The simulation results can provide some reference for hydrological simulation in the upper reaches of Heihe River.
ZHANG Baoqing
This dataset is the water balance dataset in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains in the future 50 years (runoff, precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil liquid water content). It is simulated by the Geomorphology-Based Ecohydrological Model (GBEHM). The variables in the dataset include monthly runoff, monthly precipitation, monthly evapotranspiration, the monthly average 5cm soil liquid water content and the monthly average 50cm soil liquid water content. The temporal range is 2020-2070 and the spatial resolution is 1 km. The input data of the model include meteorological forcings, vegetation, soil and land use data, and the meteorological forcings are obtained from the ensemble mean of 38 CMIP6 models under SSP2-4.5 scenario. The simulation results can reflect the spatio-temporal changes of the hydrological variables in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains. The dataset can be further used for researches into the eco-hydrological processes in the Yellow River source region and Qilian Mountains, and help provide a scientific basis for the optimal allocation of " mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands " system.
WANG Taihua, YANG Dawen
