This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation), simulated and output through the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the Indus River basin, with temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, etc. as input data.
WANG Lei, LIU Hu
This dataset records the full text of the Qinghai Provincial Financial Budget Implementation Bulletin from 2002 to 2017. The data were compiled from the Qinghai Provincial Statistical Yearbook issued by the Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 16 documents, including: the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2002 National Economic and Social Development Plan and the draft plan for 2003. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2002 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2003. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2003 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2004. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2006 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2007. docx, Report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2007 financial budget and the 2008 financial budget draft Docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2008 and the draft financial budget in 2009. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2016 and the draft financial budget in 2017. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2017 and the draft financial budget in 2018. docx, etc.
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
We developed a 1-km resolution long-term soil moisture dataset of China derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements of 1,648 stations, named as SMCI1.0 (Soil moisture of China based on In-situ data, Li et al, 2022). SMCI1.0 provides 10-layer soil moisture with 10 cm intervals up to 100 cm deep at daily resolution over the period 2000-2020. Random Forest is used to predict soil moisture using ERA5-land time series, leaf area index, land cover type, topography and soil properties as covariates. Using in-situ soil moisture as the benchmark (The data comes from China Meteorological Administration), two independent experiments are conducted to investigate the estimation accuracy of the SMCI1.0: year-to-year experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.041-0.052 and R ranges from 0.883-0.919) and station-to-station experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.045-0.051 and R ranges from 0.866-0.893). As SMCI1.0 is based on in-situ data, it can be useful complements of existing model-based and satellite-based datasets for various hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses and modeling, especially for those applications requiring high resolution SM maps. Please read the readme file for more details. We provided two versions with different resolution, i.e., 30 arc seconds (~1km) and 0.1 degree (~9km).
SHANGGUAN Wei, LI Qingliang , SHI Gaosong
This dataset is an 8-year (2011-2018) global spatiotemporally consistent surface soil moisture dataset with a 25km spatial grid resolution and daily temporal step in unit of cm3/cm3. This dataset is developed by applying a linear weight fusion algorithm based on the Triple Collocation Analysis (TCA) to merge the five soil moisture data products, i.e., SMOS, ASCAT, FY3B, CCI and SMAP in two steps. The first step is to fuse the SMOS, ASCAT and FY3B soil moisture products from 2011 to 2018. The second step is to refuse the merged soil moisture product in the first step, CCI and SMAP products from 2015 to 2018, and to obtain the finally merged soil moisture product from 2011 to 2018. In addition, the measured soil moisture data from seven ground observation networks around the world are used to evaluate and analyze the merged soil moisture product. The fused soil moisture product has the global spatial coverage ratio of more than 80%. With rhe minimum RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.036 cm3/cm3.
JIA Li , XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, HU Guangcheng
This data set is a code file set of TCA (triple collision analysis) algorithm, which is used to generate the global daily-scale soil moisture fusion dataset from 2011 to 2018.
XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, JIA Li , HU Guangcheng
Based on long-term series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products, daily snow cover products without data gaps at 500 m spatial resolution over the Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2021 were generated by employing a Hidden Markov Random Field (HMRF) modeling technique. This HMRF framework optimally integrates spectral, spatiotemporal, and environmental information together, which not only fills data gaps caused by frequent clouds, but also improves the accuracy of the original MODIS snow cover products. In particular, this technology incorporates solar radiation as an environmental contextual information to improve the accuracy of snow identification in mountainous areas. Validation with in situ observations and snow cover derived from Landsat-8 OLI images revealed that these new snow cover products achieved an accuracy of 98.31% and 92.44%, respectively. Specifically, the accuracy of the new snow products is higher during the snow transition period and in complex terrains with higher elevations as well as sunny slopes. These gap-free snow cover products effectively improve the spatiotemporal continuity and the low accuracy in complex terrains of the original MODIS snow products, and is thus the basis for the study of climate change and hydrological cycling in the TP.
HUANG Yan , XU Jianghui
Glacier surface albedo is a key parameter in the process of glacier mass and energy balance. The data include annual mean glacier surface albedo and annual minimum glacier surface albedo for each year of the 2000-2020 ablation period (June-August) in the High Mountain Asia. Based on the MODIS 500m resolution daily snow albedo products (including MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), firstly, mean-synthesis was applied to the morning star data MOD10A1 and afternoon star data MYD10A1, followed by interpolation and null-filling using mean-filtering for data within a ±2 day window, and finally based on the minimum and mean methods to obtain the annual mean albedo and annual minimum albedo for glaciers in High Mountain Asia were obtained based on the minimum and mean methods. Compared to the original data, the accuracy and coverage of the data are greatly improved. It can provide ice surface albedo input data for studying the relationship between glacier albedo and matss balance and for glacier models.
XIAO Yao
The Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model was developed by Sugita (2007) to correct for bias due to inter-taxonomic differences in pollen productivity and dispersion and estimate plant cover at a regional spatial scale based on pollen records. We provide the dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction for temperate and northern sub-tropical China over the Holocene. The REVEALS reconstruction was achieved using 94 selected pollen records from lakes and bogs at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale and a temporal resolution of 500 years between 11.7 and 0.7 ka BP, and three recent time windows (0.7˗0.35 ka BP, 0.35˗0.1 ka BP, and 0.1 ka BP˗present). The dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction of Holocene plant cover for the study region includes the REVEALS proportions of plant cover (and related SEs) for 75 1˚x 1˚grid cells and 25 time windows for each grid cell for 27 taxa, two alternatives of aggregation of plant taxa to PFTs: ten PFTs and six PFTs, and three land-cover types. The metadata files providing details on the sites used in the REVEALS reconstruction for each grid cell and each time window. For instance, the original site names, modern vegetation zones, geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude in decimal degrees), elevation in meters above sea level, site types (bog or lake), basin sizes (radius and area), number of 14C radiocarbon dates or other types of dates, approximate temporal extent of the site. The dataset is suitable for palaeoclimate modeling, can be applied also in evaluating simulations of past vegetation from dynamic vegetation models and anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) scenarios.
LI Furong
PML-V2(China) terrestrial evapotranspiration and total primary productivity dataset, including five elements: gross primary product (GPP), vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), vaporization of intercepted rainfall (Ei) and water body, ice and snow evaporation (ET_water). The dataset has a spatial-temporal resolution of daily and 500-meter from Feb.26, 2000 to Dec.31, 2020. Compared with the global version, the simulation accuracy of the PML-V2(China) product has been greatly improved, which has the following improvements and innovations: I. Compared with the 8-day temporal resolution of the global version, the new product is daily; II. The observation data are from 26 eddy flux stations in China, which are with 9 underlying surface types including deserts with sparse vegetation, and used for the parameter calibration of the model (there are only eight stations located in China for calibrating the global PML-V2, covering only five vegetation types); III. China meteorological forcing dataset for 2000-2018 and the global land surface data assimilation system GLDAS-2.1 meteorological dataset with bias correction for 2019-2020 are used to replace the original 0.25 ° GLDAS meteorological inputs; IV. The ERA5-Land as the input surface temperature instead of air temperature to calculate the outgoing longwave radiation; and V. Taking the MODIS leaf area index by the improved Whittaker filter as the model input, the new product provides new insights into monitoring crop water consumption and reveals the characteristics of the planting system. Please note that the dataset does not include the South China Sea.
ZHANG Yongqiang, HE Shaoyang
Soil moisture is an important boundary condition of earth-atmosphere exchanges, and it has been defined as an essential climate variable by GCOS. Vegetation optical depth is a physical variable to measure the attenuation of vegetation in microwave radiative transfer model, and it has been proved to be a good indicator of vegetation water content and biomass. This dataset uses the multi-channel collaborative algorithm (MCCA) to retrieve both soil moisture and polarized vegetation optical depth with SMAP brightness temperature. The algorithm uses a self-constraint relationship between land parameters and an analytical relationship between brightness temperature at different channels to perform the retrieval process. The MCCA does not depend on other auxiliary data on vegetation properties and can be applied to a variety of satellites. The soil moisture product from this dataset includes the soil moisture content in the unfrozen period and the liquid water content in the frozen period. Both horizontal- and vertical-polarization vegetation optical depth are retrieved. So far as we know, it is the first polarization-dependent vegetation optical depth product at L-band. This dataset was validated by 19 dense soil moisture observation networks (9 core validation sites used by SMAP team and 13 sites not used by them), and the widely used soil climate analysis network (SCAN). It was found that ubRMSE (unbiased root mean square error) of MCCA retrieved soil moisture is generally smaller than that of other SMAP products.
ZHAO Tianjie, PENG Zhiqing , YAO Panpan, SHI Jiancheng
The data set includes carbon isotope data of different regions of the Tibetan Plateau and different environmental (carbon isotope data of black carbon and organic carbon in aerosols from 10 typical stations of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, carbon isotope data of black carbon and water insoluble organic carbon in 11 snow pits in different years, and carbon isotope data of water-soluble organic carbon in monsoon precipitation from 11 stations of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas), All samples were collected at each site, and the content and δ 13C and Δ 14C data, which can be used to accurately assess the contribution proportion of atmospheric carbon aerosols, carbon particles deposited on glaciers and water-soluble organic carbon in precipitation from fossil fuels and biomass fuels.
LI Chaoliu
Carbon particles are an important radiative forcing factor in the atmosphere. Their concentration and composition vary greatly in time and space, especially in remote areas. This data set reports the total suspended particulate matter (TSP), total carbon (TC) and water insoluble particulate carbon (IPC) of PM2.5 at two stations in the remote area of the eastern Qinghai Tibet Plateau (Hongyuan) Δ 14C and δ 13C, the area is affected by severe air pollution from southwest China. The contribution rates of TC fossil fuels in TSP and PM2.5 samples are 18.91 ± 7.22% and 23.13 ± 12.52% respectively, which are far lower than those in Southwest China, indicating the importance of non fossil contributions from local sources. TC in TSP samples at study site δ 13C is 27.06 ± 0.96 ‰, which is between long-distance transport sources (such as the southwest region) and local biomass combustion emissions. This data supplements the database of carbon aerosols in the east of the Tibetan Plateau.
LI Chaoliu
This data set covers the contents of black carbon and water insoluble organic carbon in precipitation at Namco Station (2013-2017), Lulang Station (2014-2017), Everest Station (2015-2016) and Lhasa Station (2017-2018, This data can be used to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of the wet deposition rate of water insoluble carbon particles in typical areas of the Tibetan Plateau, and is an important input data for model simulation.
LI Chaoliu
This data set includes the light absorption data of carbon components in the atmosphere and precipitation at typical stations on the Tibetan Plateau (Ranwu (2018-2021), Namco (2013-2016), Everest (2013-2016), Lulang (2015-2016)). All samples were collected on the spot from various sampling points. The concentrations of black carbon and water-soluble organic carbon, as well as the light absorption data were measured, using the index (MAC value) representing the light absorption capacity, The MAC values of light absorption of water-soluble organic carbon and black carbon are calculated. This data is of great significance for evaluating the radiative forcing of carbon particles in the atmosphere, and is an important basic data input for model simulation.
LI Chaoliu
The data files include the extent of the Poqui watershed and multiple periods of glacial lake cataloguing. The glacial lake extent in 1964, was obtained using manual outlining methods based on geo-corrected KH-4 data; the glacial lake extent during 1976-2017, based on Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery, used a semi-automatic water body classification method to distinguish between water body and non-water body information, and then extracted lake boundaries, and visually checked and manually edited by comparison with the original Landsat images.The relationship between glacial meltwater and glacial lake recharge was determined from RGI 6.0 glacier catalogues and Google Earth.
ZHANG Guoqing
210Bi (t1/2=5.01 d) is theoretically a radionuclide for tracing the particle cycle over a timescale of hours to days. However, it has been rarely investigated in marine environments due to its very short half-life and low activity. Here, 210Bi and 210Pb were examined in the water column on the shelf/slope of the northern South China Sea (SCS), as well as their atmospheric deposition. In rainwater, the 210Bi/210Pb ratio averaged 0.54±0.28, indicating the influence of atmospheric deposition on the disequilibrium between 210Bi and 210Pb in surface seawater. On the shelf, 210Bi/210Pb averaged 0.73±0.10 in the euphotic zone and 1.25±0.10 below, supporting a quick removal of 210Bi from the euphotic zone and regeneration in the twilight zone. On the slope, deficits in 210Bi (210Bi/210Pb of 0.81±0.07) were also observed in the productive low euphotic zone. The concurrence of 210Bi deficits and higher particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations implied that POC largely dominates the deficit and excess of 210Bi. Based on a simple model, the removal fluxes of 210Bi at the euphotic base were 728±73 dpm m-2 d-1 and 216±89 dpm m-2 d-1 on the shelf and slope. The residence time of particulate 210Bi was 14±2 d. The 210Bi-derived export flux of POC was 1.7±0.7 mmol-C m-2 d-1 out of the euphotic zone over the slope. These results lay the foundation for 210Bi/210Pb to quantify the sinking and remineralization of particulate organic matter in coastal seas.
YANG Weifeng
Glacial lake inventory from 1977-2017, based on Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery, uses a semi-automatic water body classification method to distinguish between water body and non-water body information, then extracts the lake boundaries and visually checks and manually edits them by comparison with the original Landsat images. The MSS sensor data was used in 1977 with a resolution of 60 m. Image data used after 1987 had a resolution of 30 m.The relationship between glacial meltwater and glacial lake recharge was determined from RGI 6.0 and Google Earth.
KHADKA Nitesh , ZHANG Guoqing
Soil moisture (SM) plays a vital role in regulating the water and energy exchange between land surfaces and the atmosphere and is declared an essential climate variable by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Vegetation optical depth (VOD) is a crucial parameter describing vegetation attenuation properties in microwave radiative transfer equation, and it has been proven to be a promising ecological indicator for studying plant hydraulics, carbon stocks, and vegetation phenology. A long-term SM and polarization-, frequency-dependent VODs (C/X/Ku) product was derived from the inter-calibrated AMSR-E/2 multi-frequency brightness temperature, using the multi-channel collaborative algorithm (MCCA). The MCCA comprehensively considers the physical relationship between multiple microwave channels and could simultaneously retrieve frequency- and polarization-dependent VODs and SM. The new MCCA AMSR-E/2 SM dataset was validated over 25 dense soil moisture networks from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) watersheds. The results showed that MCCA performs best in terms of ubRMSE among the current publicly available SM datasets related to AMSR-E/2. In addition, polarization-, frequency-dependent VODs from MCCA may provide new insights for better understanding the water fluxes in plant physiology.
HU Lu, ZHAO Tianjie, JU Weimin , PENG Zhiqing , YAO Panpan, SHI Jiancheng
The global annual lake ice phenological dataset includes the freeze-up date, break-up date for 74,245 lakes in the northern hemisphere. The dataset is divided into three parts: 1) current data, obtained from MODIS productions through a DLRM model (with parameters provided), covering the period of 2001 to 2020; 2) historical and 3) future simulation data, obtained from the temperature-based lake-specific models, for the periods of 1861-2005 and 2006-2099, respectively. The historical and future simulations were only performed for 30,063 lakes that meet the model conditions and are presented in the dataset.
WANG Xinchi
This dataset contains in-situ lake level observations at Lumajiangdong Co, Memar Co，Camelot Lake and Jieze Caka on the western Tibetan Plateau. The lake water level was monitored by HOBO water level logger (U20-001-01) or Solist water level logger, which was installed on the lake shore. Lake level data was then calibrated by using the barometer installed near the lake. Then the real water level changes were obtained. The accuracy was less than 0.5 cm. The items of this dataset are as follows: Daily lake level changes at Lumajiangdong Co from 2016 to 2021; Daily lake level changes at Memar Co from 2017 to 2019 and from 2020 to 2021; Daily lake level changes at Luotuo Lake from 2019 to 2020. Daily lake level changes at Jieze Caka Lake from 2019 to 2020. Water level, unit: m.
LEI Yanbin
