This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation), simulated and output through the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the Indus River basin, with temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, etc. as input data.
WANG Lei, LIU Hu
This dataset records the full text of the Qinghai Provincial Financial Budget Implementation Bulletin from 2002 to 2017. The data were compiled from the Qinghai Provincial Statistical Yearbook issued by the Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics. The dataset contains 16 documents, including: the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2002 National Economic and Social Development Plan and the draft plan for 2003. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2002 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2003. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2003 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2004. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2006 financial budget and the draft financial budget for 2007. docx, Report on the implementation of Qinghai's 2007 financial budget and the 2008 financial budget draft Docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2008 and the draft financial budget in 2009. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2016 and the draft financial budget in 2017. docx, the report on the implementation of Qinghai's financial budget in 2017 and the draft financial budget in 2018. docx, etc.
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
We developed a 1-km resolution long-term soil moisture dataset of China derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements of 1,648 stations, named as SMCI1.0 (Soil moisture of China based on In-situ data, Li et al, 2022). SMCI1.0 provides 10-layer soil moisture with 10 cm intervals up to 100 cm deep at daily resolution over the period 2000-2020. Random Forest is used to predict soil moisture using ERA5-land time series, leaf area index, land cover type, topography and soil properties as covariates. Using in-situ soil moisture as the benchmark (The data comes from China Meteorological Administration), two independent experiments are conducted to investigate the estimation accuracy of the SMCI1.0: year-to-year experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.041-0.052 and R ranges from 0.883-0.919) and station-to-station experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.045-0.051 and R ranges from 0.866-0.893). As SMCI1.0 is based on in-situ data, it can be useful complements of existing model-based and satellite-based datasets for various hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses and modeling, especially for those applications requiring high resolution SM maps. Please read the readme file for more details. We provided two versions with different resolution, i.e., 30 arc seconds (~1km) and 0.1 degree (~9km).
SHANGGUAN Wei, LI Qingliang , SHI Gaosong
Soil moisture is an important boundary condition of earth-atmosphere exchanges, and it has been defined as an essential climate variable by GCOS. Vegetation optical depth is a physical variable to measure the attenuation of vegetation in microwave radiative transfer model, and it has been proved to be a good indicator of vegetation water content and biomass. This dataset uses the multi-channel collaborative algorithm (MCCA) to retrieve both soil moisture and polarized vegetation optical depth with SMAP brightness temperature. The algorithm uses a self-constraint relationship between land parameters and an analytical relationship between brightness temperature at different channels to perform the retrieval process. The MCCA does not depend on other auxiliary data on vegetation properties and can be applied to a variety of satellites. The soil moisture product from this dataset includes the soil moisture content in the unfrozen period and the liquid water content in the frozen period. Both horizontal- and vertical-polarization vegetation optical depth are retrieved. So far as we know, it is the first polarization-dependent vegetation optical depth product at L-band. This dataset was validated by 19 dense soil moisture observation networks (9 core validation sites used by SMAP team and 13 sites not used by them), and the widely used soil climate analysis network (SCAN). It was found that ubRMSE (unbiased root mean square error) of MCCA retrieved soil moisture is generally smaller than that of other SMAP products.
ZHAO Tianjie, PENG Zhiqing , YAO Panpan, SHI Jiancheng
The data set includes carbon isotope data of different regions of the Tibetan Plateau and different environmental (carbon isotope data of black carbon and organic carbon in aerosols from 10 typical stations of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, carbon isotope data of black carbon and water insoluble organic carbon in 11 snow pits in different years, and carbon isotope data of water-soluble organic carbon in monsoon precipitation from 11 stations of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas), All samples were collected at each site, and the content and δ 13C and Δ 14C data, which can be used to accurately assess the contribution proportion of atmospheric carbon aerosols, carbon particles deposited on glaciers and water-soluble organic carbon in precipitation from fossil fuels and biomass fuels.
LI Chaoliu
Carbon particles are an important radiative forcing factor in the atmosphere. Their concentration and composition vary greatly in time and space, especially in remote areas. This data set reports the total suspended particulate matter (TSP), total carbon (TC) and water insoluble particulate carbon (IPC) of PM2.5 at two stations in the remote area of the eastern Qinghai Tibet Plateau (Hongyuan) Δ 14C and δ 13C, the area is affected by severe air pollution from southwest China. The contribution rates of TC fossil fuels in TSP and PM2.5 samples are 18.91 ± 7.22% and 23.13 ± 12.52% respectively, which are far lower than those in Southwest China, indicating the importance of non fossil contributions from local sources. TC in TSP samples at study site δ 13C is 27.06 ± 0.96 ‰, which is between long-distance transport sources (such as the southwest region) and local biomass combustion emissions. This data supplements the database of carbon aerosols in the east of the Tibetan Plateau.
LI Chaoliu
This data set covers the contents of black carbon and water insoluble organic carbon in precipitation at Namco Station (2013-2017), Lulang Station (2014-2017), Everest Station (2015-2016) and Lhasa Station (2017-2018, This data can be used to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of the wet deposition rate of water insoluble carbon particles in typical areas of the Tibetan Plateau, and is an important input data for model simulation.
LI Chaoliu
This data set includes the light absorption data of carbon components in the atmosphere and precipitation at typical stations on the Tibetan Plateau (Ranwu (2018-2021), Namco (2013-2016), Everest (2013-2016), Lulang (2015-2016)). All samples were collected on the spot from various sampling points. The concentrations of black carbon and water-soluble organic carbon, as well as the light absorption data were measured, using the index (MAC value) representing the light absorption capacity, The MAC values of light absorption of water-soluble organic carbon and black carbon are calculated. This data is of great significance for evaluating the radiative forcing of carbon particles in the atmosphere, and is an important basic data input for model simulation.
LI Chaoliu
PML-V2(China) terrestrial evapotranspiration and total primary productivity dataset, including five elements: gross primary product (GPP), vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), vaporization of intercepted rainfall (Ei) and water body, ice and snow evaporation (ET_water). The dataset has a spatial-temporal resolution of daily and 500-meter from Feb.26, 2000 to Dec.31, 2020. Compared with the global version, the simulation accuracy of the PML-V2(China) product has been greatly improved, which has the following improvements and innovations: I. Compared with the 8-day temporal resolution of the global version, the new product is daily; II. The observation data are from 26 eddy flux stations in China, which are with 9 underlying surface types including deserts with sparse vegetation, and used for the parameter calibration of the model (there are only eight stations located in China for calibrating the global PML-V2, covering only five vegetation types); III. China meteorological forcing dataset for 2000-2018 and the global land surface data assimilation system GLDAS-2.1 meteorological dataset with bias correction for 2019-2020 are used to replace the original 0.25 ° GLDAS meteorological inputs; IV. The ERA5-Land as the input surface temperature instead of air temperature to calculate the outgoing longwave radiation; and V. Taking the MODIS leaf area index by the improved Whittaker filter as the model input, the new product provides new insights into monitoring crop water consumption and reveals the characteristics of the planting system. Please note that the dataset does not include the South China Sea.
ZHANG Yongqiang, HE Shaoyang
The data files include the extent of the Poqui watershed and multiple periods of glacial lake cataloguing. The glacial lake extent in 1964, was obtained using manual outlining methods based on geo-corrected KH-4 data; the glacial lake extent during 1976-2017, based on Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery, used a semi-automatic water body classification method to distinguish between water body and non-water body information, and then extracted lake boundaries, and visually checked and manually edited by comparison with the original Landsat images.The relationship between glacial meltwater and glacial lake recharge was determined from RGI 6.0 glacier catalogues and Google Earth.
ZHANG Guoqing
Glacial lake inventory from 1977-2017, based on Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI imagery, uses a semi-automatic water body classification method to distinguish between water body and non-water body information, then extracts the lake boundaries and visually checks and manually edits them by comparison with the original Landsat images. The MSS sensor data was used in 1977 with a resolution of 60 m. Image data used after 1987 had a resolution of 30 m.The relationship between glacial meltwater and glacial lake recharge was determined from RGI 6.0 and Google Earth.
KHADKA Nitesh , ZHANG Guoqing
Soil moisture (SM) plays a vital role in regulating the water and energy exchange between land surfaces and the atmosphere and is declared an essential climate variable by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Vegetation optical depth (VOD) is a crucial parameter describing vegetation attenuation properties in microwave radiative transfer equation, and it has been proven to be a promising ecological indicator for studying plant hydraulics, carbon stocks, and vegetation phenology. A long-term SM and polarization-, frequency-dependent VODs (C/X/Ku) product was derived from the inter-calibrated AMSR-E/2 multi-frequency brightness temperature, using the multi-channel collaborative algorithm (MCCA). The MCCA comprehensively considers the physical relationship between multiple microwave channels and could simultaneously retrieve frequency- and polarization-dependent VODs and SM. The new MCCA AMSR-E/2 SM dataset was validated over 25 dense soil moisture networks from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) watersheds. The results showed that MCCA performs best in terms of ubRMSE among the current publicly available SM datasets related to AMSR-E/2. In addition, polarization-, frequency-dependent VODs from MCCA may provide new insights for better understanding the water fluxes in plant physiology.
HU Lu, ZHAO Tianjie, JU Weimin , PENG Zhiqing , YAO Panpan, SHI Jiancheng
The global annual lake ice phenological dataset includes the freeze-up date, break-up date for 74,245 lakes in the northern hemisphere. The dataset is divided into three parts: 1) current data, obtained from MODIS productions through a DLRM model (with parameters provided), covering the period of 2001 to 2020; 2) historical and 3) future simulation data, obtained from the temperature-based lake-specific models, for the periods of 1861-2005 and 2006-2099, respectively. The historical and future simulations were only performed for 30,063 lakes that meet the model conditions and are presented in the dataset.
WANG Xinchi
This dataset contains in-situ lake level observations at Lumajiangdong Co, Memar Co，Camelot Lake and Jieze Caka on the western Tibetan Plateau. The lake water level was monitored by HOBO water level logger (U20-001-01) or Solist water level logger, which was installed on the lake shore. Lake level data was then calibrated by using the barometer installed near the lake. Then the real water level changes were obtained. The accuracy was less than 0.5 cm. The items of this dataset are as follows: Daily lake level changes at Lumajiangdong Co from 2016 to 2021; Daily lake level changes at Memar Co from 2017 to 2019 and from 2020 to 2021; Daily lake level changes at Luotuo Lake from 2019 to 2020. Daily lake level changes at Jieze Caka Lake from 2019 to 2020. Water level, unit: m.
LEI Yanbin
The water level observation data set of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau contains the daily variations of water levels for three lakes: Zhari Namco, Bamco and Dawaco. The lake water level was obtained by a HOBO water level gauge (U20-001-01) installed on the lakeshore, then corrected using the barometer installed on the shore or pressure data of nearby weather stations, and then the real water level changes were obtained. The accuracy was less than 0.5 cm. The items of this data set are as follows: Daily variation data of water level in Zhari Namco from 2009 to 2014; Daily variation data of water level in Bamco from 2013 to 2014; Daily variation data of water level in Dawaco from 2013 to 2014. Water level, unit: m.
LEI Yanbin
In the context of global change, the spatio-temporal continuous high-quality high-resolution long time series precipitation data set is of great significance for understanding the global "water carbon energy" and biogeochemical cycle mechanism. The daily total volume controlled merging and disaggregation algorithm (DTVCMDA) proposed in this study effectively considers the characteristics of continuous space-time and high spatial and temporal resolution of reanalysed precipitation data, as well as the high quality of ground analysis data, A set of AERA5 Asia (0.1 °, hourly, 1951-2015, Asia) precipitation data set with high quality and high spatial and temporal resolution for more than 70 years of long time series in Asia has been produced. The main features of the dataset are as follows: (1) AERA5 Asia is a set of data sets with high resolution, high quality, space-time continuity and long time series; (2) AERA5 Asia is significantly better than IMERG Final and ERA5 Land precipitation data, especially in terms of system deviation. In general, the deviation of AERA5 Asia, IMERG Final and ERA5 Land compared with ground observation is~5%,~11% and~20% respectively; (3) In extreme heavy rainfall (such as typhoons "Tamei" and "Tiantu"), the quality of AERA5 Asia is also significantly better than ERA5 Land and IMERG Final. AERA5 Asia will provide stable and reliable precipitation data support for relevant research in the weather, climate, hydrology and other fields in Asia, especially in China.
MA Ziqiang, MA Yaoming, MA Weiqiang*, 许金涛 XU Jintao
The data source of this data set is the European Space Agency (ESA) multispectral satellite Sentinel-2. It includes the annual mean data of CDOM and DOC of Qinghai Tibet Plateau lakes in 2017. Method of use: Based on the CDOM data of the measured sample points, the image reflectance information is extracted, the best prediction variable is selected through Pearson correlation analysis, and a multiple stepwise regression CDOM prediction model is constructed to obtain the CDOM results of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau water body. Because CDOM has a good correlation with DOC, DOC prediction results are calculated by CDOM. Adjustment R of the CDOM model of the final Qinghai Tibet Plateau ² Up to 0.81.
SONG Kaishan
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) at Huailai station. There were two types of LASs: German BLS450 and zzLAS. The observation periods were from January 1 to December 31, 2021. The site ( (north: 115.7825° E, 40.3522° N; south: 115.7880° E, 40.3491° N) was located in the Donghuahuan town of Huailai city, Hebei Province. The elevation is 480 m. The underlying surface between the two towers contains mainly maize. The effective height of the LASs was 14 m; the path length was 1870 m. Data were sampled at 1 min intervals. Raw data acquired at 1 min intervals were processed and quality-controlled. The data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The main quality control steps were as follows. (1) The data were rejected when Cn2 was beyond the saturated criterion. (2) Data were rejected when the demodulation signal was small. (3) Data were rejected within 1 h of precipitation. (4) Data were rejected at night when weak turbulence occurred (u* was less than 0.1 m/s). The sensible heat flux was iteratively calculated by combining with meteorological data and based on Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. There were several instructions for the released data. (1) The data were primarily obtained from BLS450 measurements; missing flux measurements from the BLS450 were filled with measurements from the zzLAS. Missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) The dataset contained the following variables: data/time (yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss), the structural parameter of the air refractive index (Cn2, m-2/3), and the sensible heat flux (H_LAS, W/m^2). (3) In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Guo et al. (2020) (for sites information), Liu et al. (2013) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the Huailai station eddy covariance system (EC) from January 1 to December 31 in 2021. The site (115.7880° E, 40.3491°N) was located in the maize surface, near Donghuayuan town of Huailai city in Hebei Province. The elevation is 480 m. The EC was installed at a height of 5 m, and the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3&Li7500A) was 0.15 m. The raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Eddypro post-processing software, including the spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC) (class 1 to 9). In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened in a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data collected before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 10% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.1 m/s. There were 48 records per day, and the missing data were replaced with -6999. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. Detailed information can be found in the suggested references. For more information, please refer to Guo et al. (2020) (for sites information), Liu et al. (2013) for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, XU Ziwei
This dataset contains the flux measurements from the Huailai station eddy covariance system (EC) from April 13 to December 31 in 2021. The site (115.7923° E, 40.3574° N) was located in the maize surface, near Donghuayuan town of Huailai city in Hebei Province. The elevation is 480 m. The EC was installed at a height of 3.5 m, and the sampling rate was 10 Hz. The sonic anemometer faced north, and the separation distance between the sonic anemometer and the CO2/H2O gas analyzer (CSAT3&EC150) was 0 m. The raw data acquired at 10 Hz were processed using the Eddypro post-processing software, including the spike detection, lag correction of H2O/CO2 relative to the vertical wind component, sonic virtual temperature correction, coordinate rotation (2-D rotation), corrections for density fluctuation (Webb-Pearman-Leuning correction), and frequency response correction. The EC data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods. The observation data quality was divided into three classes according to the quality assessment method of stationarity (Δst) and the integral turbulent characteristics test (ITC) (class1-9). In addition to the above processing steps, the half-hourly flux data were screened in a four-step procedure: (1) data from periods of sensor malfunction were rejected; (2) data collected before or after 1 h of precipitation were rejected; (3) incomplete 30 min data were rejected when the missing data constituted more than 10% of the 30 min raw record; and (4) data were rejected at night when the friction velocity (u*) was less than 0.1 m/s. There were 48 records per day, and the missing data were replaced with -6999. Suspicious data were marked in red. There were lots of negative values of H2O density in winter where filling by -6999. The released data contained the following variables: data/time, wind direction (Wdir, °), wind speed (Wnd, m/s), the standard deviation of the lateral wind (Std_Uy, m/s), virtual temperature (Tv, ℃), H2O mass density (H2O, g/m3), CO2 mass density (CO2, mg/m3), friction velocity (ustar, m/s), stability (z/L), sensible heat flux (Hs, W/m2), latent heat flux (LE, W/m2), carbon dioxide flux (Fc, mg/ (m2s)), quality assessment of the sensible heat flux (QA_Hs), quality assessment of the latent heat flux (QA_LE), and quality assessment of the carbon flux (QA_Fc). In this dataset, the time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30; the data were stored in *.xls format. Detailed information can be found in the suggested references. For more information, please refer to Guo et al. (2020) (for sites information), Liu et al. (2013) for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin, XIAO Qing, XU Ziwei, BAI Junhua
