This dataset contains the flux measurements from the large aperture scintillometer (LAS) at Daman Superstation in the Heihe integrated observatory network from January 1 to December 31 in 2018. There were two types of LASs at Daman Superstation: BLS900 and RR-RSS460, produced by Germany. The north tower was set up with the BLS900 receiver and the RR-RSS460 transmitter, and the south tower was equipped with the BLS900 transmitter and the RR-RSS460 receiver. The site (north: 100.379° E, 38.861° N; south: 100.369° E, 38.847° N) was located in Daman irrigation district, which is near Zhangye, Gansu Province. The underlying surfaces between the two towers were corn, orchard, and greenhouse. The elevation is 1556 m. The effective height of the LASs was 24.1 m, and the path length was 1854 m. The data were sampled 1 minute at both BLS900 and RR-RSS460. The raw data acquired at 1 min intervals were processed and quality controlled. The data were subsequently averaged over 30 min periods, in which sensible heat flux was iteratively calculated by combining Cn2 with meteorological data according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The main quality control steps were as follows: (1) The data were rejected when Cn2 exceeded the saturated criterion (BLS900：Cn2>7.25E-14，RR-RSS460：Cn2>7.84 E-14). (2) The data were rejected when the demodulation signal was small (BLS900：Average X Intensity<1000；RR-RSS460：Demod>-20mv). (3) The data were rejected when collected during precipitation. (4) The data were rejected if collected at night when weak turbulence occurred (u* was less than 0.1 m/s). In the iteration process, the universal functions of Thiermann and Grassl (1992) and Andreas (1988) were selected for BLS900 and RR-RSS460, respectively. Detailed can refer to Liu et al. (2011, 2013). Due to instrument adjustment and inadequate power supply, the date of missing data for the large aperture scintillator is: 2019.01.22-2019.01.24; 2019.03.01-2019.04.26; 2019.10.28-2019.11.14; 2019.11.29-2019.12.20。 Several instructions were included with the released data. (1) The data were primarily obtained from BLS900 measurements, and missing flux measurements from the BLS900 instrument were substituted with measurements from the RR-RSS460 instrument. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) The dataset contained the following variables: Date/time (yyyy/m/d h:mm), the structural parameter of the air refractive index (Cn2, m-2/3), and the sensible heat flux (H, W/m^2). In this dataset, a time of 0:30 corresponds to the average data for the period between 0:00 and 0:30, and the data were stored in *.xlsx format. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018) (for sites information), Liu et al. (2011) (for data processing) in the Citation section.
LIU Shaomin CHE Tao XU Ziwei REN Zhiguo TAN Junlei ZHANG Yang
The field observation platform of the Tibetan Plateau is the forefront of scientific observation and research on the Tibetan Plateau. The land surface processes and environmental changes based comprehensive observation of the land-boundary layer in the Tibetan Plateau provides valuable data for the study of the mechanism of the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau and its effects. This dataset integrates the 2005-2016 hourly atmospheric, soil hydrothermal and turbulent fluxes observations of Qomolangma Atmospheric and Environmental Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences (QOMS/CAS), Southeast Tibet Observation and Research Station for the Alpine Environment, CAS (SETORS), the BJ site of Nagqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment, CAS (NPCE-BJ), Nam Co Monitoring and Research Station for Multisphere Interactions, CAS (NAMORS), Ngari Desert Observation and Research Station, CAS (NADORS), Muztagh Ata Westerly Observation and Research Station, CAS (MAWORS). It contains gradient observation data composed of multi-layer wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, air pressure and precipitation data, four-component radiation data, multi-layer soil temperature and humidity and soil heat flux data, and turbulence data composed of sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and carbon dioxide flux. These data can be widely used in the analysis of the characteristics of meteorological elements on the Tibetan Plaetau, the evaluation of remote sensing products and development of the remote sensing retrieval algorithms, and the evaluation and development of numerical models.
MA Yaoming
This data set takes China as the research area, and the data set includes "decimal_ time”, "lat”, "lon”, "time”, "time_ bounds”, "TWSA_ REC" and "uncertainty" 7 parameters in total. Among them, "decimal_ time” corresponds to decimal time. There are 191 months (163 months for grace data, 17 months for grace-fo data, and 11 months for grace-fo interval) from April 2002 to December 2019. We have not made up for the missing data of individual months between grace or grace-fo data; "LAT" corresponds to the latitude range of the data; "lon" corresponds to the longitude range of the data; "time" corresponds to the annual product day of the data from January 1, 2002; and "time" corresponds to the annual product day of the data from January 1, 2002_ Bounds "; corresponding to the product day of the year corresponding to the start date and end date of each data month. “TWSA_ "REC" is the monthly change of China's regional land water reserves from April 2002 to December 2019; "uncertainty" is the uncertainty between the data and CSR rl06 mascon products. Using grace satellite gravity data CSR grace / grace-fo rl06 mascon solutions (version 02), China Daily grid precipitation real-time analysis system (version 1.0) data, and cn05.1 temperature data sets, the precipitation reconstruction model was established, and the seasonal and trend terms of CSR rl06 mascon products were considered to obtain the data set of land water storage change based on precipitation reconstruction in China. The data quality is good as a whole, and the error of most regions in China is within 5cm. This data set complements the more than one year data gap between grace and grace-fo satellites, and provides a complete time series for long-term land water storage change analysis in China. As the CSR rl06 mascon product, the average value between 2004.0000 and 2009.999 is deducted from this data set. Therefore, the data of 164-174 months (i.e. July 2017 to may 2018) of this data set can be directly extracted as the estimation of land water storage change in the intermittent period.
ZHONG Yulong FENG Wei ZHONG Min MING Zutao
Effective evaluation of future climate change, especially prediction of future precipitation, is an important basis for formulating adaptation strategies. This data is based on the RegCM4.6 model, which is compatible with multi-model and different carbon emission scenarios: CanEMS2 (RCP 45 and RCP85), GFDL-ESM3M (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), HadGEM2-ES (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 And RCP8.5), IPSL-CM5A-LR (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), MIROC5 (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5). The future climate data (2007-2099) has 21 sets, with a spatial resolution at 0.25 degrees and the temporal resolution at 3 hours, daily and yearly scales.
PAN Xiaoduo ZHANG Lei
The data include the carbonate content, carbon isotope and oxygen isotope analysis results of inorganic carbonates of 79 samples from 850 m natural section of the middle late Eocene in the salkuli basin. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate in the sediments record the hydrological and vegetation information in the geological history, which is one of the main indicators of paleoenvironmental tracer research. After grinding and sieving, the carbon and oxygen isotope analysis is completed by the sample processing unit (carbonate device) and MAT252 isotope mass spectrometry online automatic online system. The analytical accuracy of the sample is: carbon isotope is better than ± 0.06 ‰, and oxygen isotope is better than ± 0.08 ‰. Through the analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope data of solkuli section, the evolution history of arid environment since Eocene can be reconstructed, and the paleoclimate effect of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and global climate change can be discussed.
SUN Jimin
This data set includes the monthly average actual evapotranspiration of the Tibet Plateau from 2001 to 2018. The data set is based on the satellite remote sensing data (MODIS) and reanalysis meteorological data (CMFD), and is calculated by the surface energy balance system model (SEBS). In the process of calculating the turbulent flux, the sub-grid scale topography drag parameterization scheme is introduced to improve the simulation of sensible and latent heat fluxes. In addition, the evapotranspiration of the model is verified by the observation data of six turbulence flux stations on the Tibetan Plateau, which shows high accuracy. The data set can be used to study the characteristics of land-atmosphere interaction and the water cycle in the Tibetan Plateau.
HAN Cunbo MA Yaoming WANG Binbin ZHONG Lei MA Weiqiang* CHEN Xuelong SU Zhongbo
This dataset includes annual mosaics of Antarctic ice velocity derived from Landsat 8 images between December, 2013 and April, 2019, which was updated in 2020 in order to produce multi-year annual ice velocity mosaics and improve the quality of products including non-local means (NLM) filter, and absolute calibration using rock outcrops data. The resulting Version 2 of the mosaics offer reduced local errors, improved spatial resolution as described in the README file.
SHEN Qiang
PML_V2 terrestrial evapotranspiration and total primary productivity dataset, including gross primary product (GPP), vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), vaporization of intercepted rainfall , Ei) and water body, ice and snow evaporation (ET_water), a total of 5 elements. The data format is tiff, the space-time resolution is 8 days, 0.05°, and the time span is 2002.07-2019.08. Based on the Penman-Monteith-Leuning (PML) model, PML_V2 is coupled to the GPP process based on stomatal conductance theory. GPP and ET mutually restrict and restrict each other, which makes PML_V2 in ET simulation accuracy, which is greatly improved compared with the previous model. The parameters of PML_V2 are divided into different vegetation types and are determined on 95 vorticity-related flux stations around the world. The parameters were then migrated globally according to the MODIS MCD12Q2.006 IGBP classification. PML_V2 uses GLDAS 2.1 meteorological drive and MODIS leaf area index (LAI), reflectivity (Albedo), emissivity (Emissivity) as inputs, and finally obtains PML_V2 terrestrial evapotranspiration and total primary productivity data sets.
ZHANG Yongqiang
The strong spatial and temporal changes of precipitation often make it impossible to accurately know the spatial distribution and intensity changes of precipitation during the precipitation observation of conventional foundation stations. Satellite microwave remote sensing can overcome this limitation and achieve global scale precipitation and cloud observation. Compared with infrared/visible light, which can only reflect cloud thickness and cloud height, microwave can penetrate the cloud, and also use the interaction between precipitation and cloud particles in the cloud and microwave to detect the cloud and rain more directly. This data use the surface precipitation, obtained by the DPR double wave band precipitation radar carried by GPM, as the true value, soil temperature/humidity of NDVI, DEM and ERA5 as reference data. And the multi-band passive brightness temperature data of GMI is used to invert the instantaneous precipitation intensity during the warm season (May-September) in Tibetan Plateau, then the result is re-sampled to the spatial resolution of 0.1°and accumulated them to a day.
XU Shiguang
The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) is a high spatial-temporal resolution gridded near-surface meteorological dataset that was developed specifically for studies of land surface processes in China. The dataset was made through fusion of remote sensing products, reanalysis dataset and in-situ observation data at weather stations. Its record starts from January 1979 and keeps extending (currently up to December 2018) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1°. Seven near-surface meteorological elements are provided in CMFD, including 2-meter air temperature, surface pressure, specific humidity, 10-meter wind speed, downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation and precipitation rate.
YANG Kun HE Jie
This data set is a spatial and temporal variation map of temperate grassland types in Eurasia, China regional classification map (1980S).The data is in TIF raster format, and the spatial resolution is 1km. The values of the three-level classification of thermal grassland are 1-8, respectively: :1- Temperate meadow grassland;2- Typical temperate grassland;3- Temperate desertification grassland;4- Temperate grassland desert;5- temperate desert and three non-temperate grassland types (6- alpine grassland, 7- other vegetation area, 8- non-vegetation area). Based on the data set of vegetation map of the people's Republic of China (1:1 000 000 000) hosted by the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and combined with historical and meteorological data, the vegetation map of the people's Republic of China contains 11 vegetation type groups, 55 vegetation types and 960 vegetation types in 1980s Based on the historical meteorological data from 1980 to 1989, combined with satellite data for further analysis and correction, and spatial interpolation calculation, we obtained the three-level classification of temperate grassland in China. The data can be used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of temperate grassland in Eurasia.
TANG Jiakui
This data is the distribution data of the prehistoric era sites on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas, which is derived from the Supplementary Maps of the paper: Chen, F.H., Dong, G.H., Zhang, D.J., Liu, X.Y., Jia, X., An, C.B., Ma, M.M., Xie, Y.W., Barton, L., Ren, X.Y., Zhao, Z.J., & Wu, X.H. (2015). Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. SCIENCE, 347, 248-250. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of more than 4000m, is the highestand largest plateau all around the world, and also is one of the most unsuitable areas for human life with long-term on the earth. The remains at the archaeological site are direct evidences left behind the ancient human activities. The original data of this data is digitized from the results of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau high-textual census and archaeological survey (Qinghai Volume and Tibet Volume of the Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas). The map was digitized mainly based on the distribution maps of the sites, and the latitude and longitude coordinates and altitude were obtained. a total of 6,950 sites, most of which are distributed in the northern part of the plateau. The age range of the site is between 7000BP and 2300BP. This data set is of reference value for the research on the process and power of human diffusion to the Tibetan Plateau in the prehistoric era and other studies related to human activities in the Tibetan Plateau and the prehistoric era.
CHEN Fahu DONG Guanghui LIU Fengwen
The surface air temperature dataset of the Tibetan Plateau is obtained by downscaling the China regional surface meteorological feature dataset (CRSMFD). It contains the daily mean surface air temperature and 3-hourly instantaneous surface air temperature. This dataset has a spatial resolution of 0.01°. Its time range for surface air temperature dataset is from 1979 to 2018. Spatial dimension of data: 73°E-106°E, 23°N-40°N. The surface air temperature with a 0.01° can serve as an important input for the modeling of land surface processes, such as surface evapotranspiration estimation, agricultural monitoring, and climate change analysis.
DING Lirong ZHOU Ji WANG Wei
High Mountain Asia is the third largest cryosphere on earth other than the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The large amounts of glaciers and snow over the High Mountain Asia play an important role not only on global water cycle but also on water resources and ecology of the arid regions of central Asia. The snowline, as the lower boundary of the snow covered area at the end of melting season, its altitude changes can directly reflect the changes in snow and glaciers. The snowline altitude provides a possibility to rapidly obtain a proxy for their equilibrium line altitude (ELA) which in turn is an indicator for the glacier mass balance. In this dataset, the daily MODIS snow cover products from 2001 to 2019 are used as the main data source. The cloud removal of the daily MODIS snow cover products was firstly carried out based on the developed cubic spline interpolation cloud-removel method, and snow covered days (SCD) are extracted using the cloud-removed MODIS snow cover products. In addition, the MODIS SCD threshold for estimating perennial snow cover is calibrated using the observed data of glacier annual mass balance and Landsat data at the end of melting season. The altitude value of the snowline at the end of melting season is determined by combining the perennial snow cover area and the hypsometric (area-elevation) curve. Finally, the 30km gridded dataset of snowline altitude in the High Mountain Asia during 2001-2019 is generated. This dataset can provide data support for the study of cryosphere and climate change over the High Mountain Asia.
TANG Zhiguang DENG Gang WANG Xiaoru
The data set is the observation of Shiquanhe town in Ali area. The altitude, longitude and latitude of Ali area are 32.50, 80.10 and 4360m respectively. The mass concentration of black carbon in the atmosphere was continuously observed. Ae31 (aethalometer) is used as the measuring instrument. Its observation period is from 12:00:00 on July 13, 2019 to 21:35:00, July 17, 2020. The time resolution is 5 minutes. There is data missing due to instrument failure. The data file includes instrument information, flow parameter setting (LPM) and specific observed concentration. Funded project: Research Fund for the second comprehensive investigation of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, 2019qzkk0602.
ZHU Chongshu HU Tafeng WU Feng WANG Qiyuan ZHANG Ningning DAI Wenting
This dataset (version 1.5) is derived from the complementary-relationship method, with inputs of CMFD downward short- and long-wave radiation, air temperature, air pressure, GLASS albedo and broadband longwave emissivity, ERA5-land land surface temperature and humidity, and NCEP diffuse skylight ratio, etc. This dataset covers the period of 1982-2017, and the spatial coverage is Chinese land area. This dataset would be helpful for long-term hydrological cycle and climate change research. Land surface actual evapotranspiration (Ea)，unit: mm month-1. The spatial resolution is 0.1-degree; The temporal resolution is monthly; The data type is NetCDF; This evapotranspiration dataset is only for land surface.
MA Ning Jozsef Szilagyi ZHANG Yinsheng LIU Wenbin
Paleolimnology and paleoecology provide a long-term perspective for the study of climate change and ecosystem process change. They record the direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. Zooplankton shells and sedimentary pigments in lake sediments can reflect the changes of community structure of primary producers (photosynthetic organisms) and primary consumers in lake ecosystems. In this paper, we have reconstructed the zooplankton and phytoplankton community changes in the past 600 years using Artemia head shells, Tibetan flea eggs and sedimentary pigments from the sediments of dazechoo Lake in the central Tibetan Plateau. Total nitrogen and phosphorus were used to reconstruct the changes of nutrients in the lake in the past. The results showed that the change of phytoplankton community was mainly controlled by zooplankton community, which could provide an important theoretical reference for the future management of plateau lake ecosystem.
Jie Liang
This data comes from the result of teleseismic data, mainly including the velocity and radial anisotropic structures beneath western Tibet. In the process of processing, bandwidth filtering is adopted, and the filtering range is 0.05-2 Hz. Due to the use of teleseismic data, the cross-correlation method is used in the acquisition process to "align" the waveform. The data quality is good, because the extracted data are all from the earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5.0 located in the global seismic catalog, and each event has an obvious take-off point. The data can be used by other seismologists to reconstruct and analyze the underground structures in this area.
ZHANG Heng
The Land Surface Temperature in China STC dataset contains land surface temperature data for China (about 9.6 million square kilometers of land) during the period of 2003-2017, in Celsius, in monthly temporal and 5600 m spatial resolution. It is produced by combing MODIS daily data(MOD11C1 and MYD11C1), monthly data(MOD11C3 and MYD11C3) and meteorological station data to reconstruct real LST under cloud coverage in monthly LST images, and then a regression analysis model is constructed to further improve accuracy in six natural subregions with different climatic conditions.
YE Qinghua
